Bibliometric analysis on open
government development
Análisis bibliométrico sobre el
desarrollo de gobierno abierto
Janet Carpio-Mendoza
Master in Educational Psychology. Universidad
César Vallejo, Lima, Perú.
janetcarpio2306@gmail.com.
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5657-7197
Justo German Pineda-Velásquez
Master in Health Services Management.
Universidad Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, Lima, Peru.
gpineda7@yahoo.es. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-
5011-3340
José Winston Ramos-Acuña
Master's Degree in Public Management,
Universidad Cesar Vallejo, Trujillo - Peru,
josegestionderiesos@gmail.com
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8427-1144
Gissella Karina Cerón-Vasquez
Master in Public Management. Universidad César
Vallejo, Lima, Perú. gissellamaestria201gamil.com
ORCID: https//orcid.org/0000-0001-9218-991X
Abstract
As progress has been made with respect to the types of
governments and the integrations that citizens have had in
the governance process, is that the need arises to know the
functionality and thus know the development of the
management of an open government. Thus, an analysis is
carried out on the term and how it is developing its
scientific production in different countries in the last 5
years. Determine the level of scientific production in
relation to open government in databases Scopus, Scielo,
Imaginario Social
Publishing entity
University of Guayaquil -
REDICME (reg-red-18-0061)
e-ISSN: 2737-6362
July - December 2021 Vol. 4-2-2021
http://revista-
imaginariosocial.com/index.php/es/index
Receipt: February 15, 2021
Acceptance: April 25, 2021
90-99
91
Redalyc and EBSCOHost from the years 2016 to 2020. This article was developed
through descriptive bibliometric analysis where a sample of CCCC articles published
between 2016 and 2020 in the databases of indexed journals were analyzed. Results.
It is a bibliometric, descriptive and introspective study, which shows an analysis of
the contributions of scientific production where it has been analyzed that the country
with the highest production in the CCCCC year is CCCCC; in addition, the year where
there has been an increase in research on this subject is at the CCCCC. The scientific
productions of the developed theme were worked under a qualitative research cut.
The open government is a current mechanism that allows the transparent
development of public administrative procedures.
Keywords: Open government, scientific production, bibliometric analysis
Resumen
Conforme se han dado los avances con respecto a los tipos de gobiernos y las
integraciones que han tenido los ciudadanos en el proceso de gobernanza, es que surge
la necesidad de saber la funcionalidad y así conocer el desarrollo de la gestión de un
gobierno abierto. Es así que se realiza un análisis sobre el término y de cómo se viene
desarrollando su producción científica en los diferentes países en los últimos 5 años.
Determinar el nivel de la producción científica con relación a gobierno abierto en las
bases de datos Scopus, Scielo, Redalyc y EBSCOHost de los años 2016 al 2020. El
presente artículo se desarrolló por medio del análisis bibliométrico descriptivo donde
se analizó a una muestra de 8551 artículos publicados entre los años de 2016 al 2020
en las bases de datos de revistas indexadas. Es un estudio bibliométrico, descriptivo e
introspectivo, el cual muestra un análisis de los aportes de producción científica se ha
analizado que el idioma que mayor producción tiene es el español, seguido del inglés y
luego el portugués; además que en el año donde se ha dado un incremento en la
investigación sobre este tema es en el 2019 con 1908 investigaciones. Las producciones
científicas del tema desarrollado, se trabajaron bajo un corte de investigación
cualitativa. EL gobierno abierto un mecanismo actual que permite el desarrollo
transparente de las gestiones administrativas públicas.
92
Palabras clave: Gobierno abierto, producción científica, análisis bibliométrico
Introduction
Public management has included the term open government as a new paradigm with
the aim of expanding the capabilities of citizens' actions. Thus, collaborative spaces
have been created to encourage social organizations and companies, according to the
implementation and evaluation of policies, to access public services. According to the
Action Plan (2013 - 2015) open government considers an ecosystem where the
government is positioned as a new platform for innovation. For Macías, Valencia and
Maldonado and Brito (2020) it is a new paradigm where the principles of
transparency, participation and collaboration are taken into account, which allow an
interrelation between the State and the citizens. What is sought is to change the
traditional models of public management to cooperatively implement and coordinate
public administration by providing concrete solutions and involving society in
government. Likewise, Calderón and Lorenzo (2020) state that open government
allows a conversation with citizens to know and face problems according to their needs
and preferences and thus facilitate the collaboration of citizens and officials for the
proposed goals.
Open government was introduced since the 1970s in the United Kingdom of Great
Britain where its insertion was developing and changing the new forms of democratic
participation in government (Arteaga, Pereira, Toscano, Fuentes, & Melo, 2019).
Therefore, its importance lies in the integration of constituent principles to evaluate
public policies and thus build a tool at the service of others. Since 2011, the Peruvian
government is part of the Open Government Partnership which aims to ensure the
commitments of national, regional and local governments to promote open
government practices, modernize public management making it more efficient,
transparent and inclusive.
Among the contributions of Arcentales and Gamboa (2019) it is considered that open
government enables the insertion to new spaces of public information deepening the
dimensions of legitimacy, stability and effectiveness as a new dynamic that involves
society and the responsiveness of the political system. As established in the Action Plan
93
(2013-2015), the development of open government is based on transparency,
collaboration, participation and accountability.
Transparency is considered by Sanchez (2018) as the union that occurs between the
state and citizens in administrative matters. Through this indicator it is possible to
know the final destinations, the structure of time to know the real democracy. That is
why transparency is an administrative reality to correct control bodies in a timely
manner. In this sense, Torres and Oviedo (2020) specify that open government aims
to achieve an active, passive and collaborative transparency; according to these three
criteria is that there will be an interaction of the government with citizens in public
affairs. According to Castellanos, transparency provides the possibility of having a
society and citizens with access to administrative and bureaucratic systems to know
the function of a public interest. Its development should be accessible to all
information and record of the authorities of a public good (2019).
Regarding participation, Gutierrez (2021) expressed that it includes an equitable work
among all members of a community in order to know the administrative and strategic
scopes and goals to be achieved. According to Sanchez (2018), participation includes
the issuance of opinions within the decision-making processes, represents a
commitment in governmental affairs and collaboration for the design of programs.
On the other hand, collaboration is an activity that can take place between and within
organizations. Through it, actors interact with each other to better engage them in the
processes of public policy and program development. The goal of collaboration is the
interaction between participants' communications, trust, commitment, understanding
and results. For Arroyo (2017) there is an ambiguity between the terms participation
and collaboration however he explains that participation is oriented to the creation of
public value while collaboration are the commitments and strategies considered as
points of coincidence referring to the political aspects of public management.
For Finol (2018), open government combines innovation with the implementation of
public policies to organize a State structure incorporating the benefits of information
and communication technologies (ICT). Álvarez, Paladines, Montero, and Arce (2020)
express that as public innovation develops, open government management has a
participation process for citizen administration. Within it, the principle of public
innovation can be considered, which promotes and encourages methodologies,
94
procedures and tools to take advantage of the technological public value of information
and communication and adapt to the operation and structure needed. Likewise,
(Barros & Turpo, 2018), Arroyo (2017) considers that open innovation is considered
as one of the fundamental pillars for open government since it helps citizens in their
collaboration with the administration so that needs are met. Innovation is like the
ability to build new answers to problems by addressing public policies; it is related to
democratic techniques and knowledge (Gutierrez, 2021).
However, within these new ideas there are weaknesses related to the lack of training,
formation and instruction of human capital. For this reason, it is necessary to be
trained to access the context of their region, community, school and work, for which
information and communication technology resources provide adequate projects in
innovation for the use of responsible, flexible, efficient and effective resources. For
Macías, Valencia, Maldonado and Brito (2020) it is necessary to have a relationship of
powers so that the regulation of access to public information is established in
accordance with the law or ordinance. In this way, it will be possible to know the
mechanisms for citizens to make requests for information to the government, the
deadlines for responding to requests and the format in which the information will be
provided.
According to Cruz and Zamudio (2017) the new public management includes the use
of technology within the Administration in order to provide proposals to increase
efficiency, effectiveness and quality of services. Thus, the term e-government also
arises, which brings benefits in the reorganization of the internal strategies of the
public sectors. Sandoval (2013) adds that open government requires institutional
technological platforms that have government data and allow its protection and
collaboration for citizens. Thus, for Orellana and Hinojosa (2019), the opportunities
offered by ICTs provide a new approach to public service aimed at meeting the goals
pursued by open government.
In the context of politics, it can be developed in various scenarios; currently, social
networks are very practical influences through which information can be expressed
and disseminated, although in many cases they can also manipulate and misinform
the objectivity of the facts (Cisneros and Yautentzi, 2020). That is why Alvarez,
Paladines, Montero and Arce (2020) consider that, in order to build plans and
95
strategies with the purpose of making changes for society, corporate social
responsibility is needed, which is to commit to processes and sequences to help the
excluded or vulnerable groups. Similarly, Barrios and Poveda (2020) add that social
responsibility, in aspects of public administration, will facilitate the interoperability of
public bodies with citizens.
In order to obtain the achievements required by open government, it is necessary for
the State to provide comprehensive attention to information access to public goods
(Cisneros and Yautentzi, 2020). Therefore, it needs to redesign the processes of the
Public Administration to serve the citizen, organize it to work on a network model.
Cotera (2021) expresses that the importance of the organization's culture is due to the
fact that in this way an adequate management can be given, not only in knowledge, but
also in effectiveness of the actions to improve the behavior of individuals. Accordingly,
it is necessary to be involved, to have consistency and to adapt in order to have a proper
functioning of the organizational culture.
The material of scientific productions on the study of open government literature is
constant and analytical from the social point of view. In them, it is possible to
understand the different positions, debates and discussions associated with the main
theme. Thanks to this, it is possible to have a better scope for the academic scientific
community and identify the common factors of the field of study. Therefore, the
objective of this research is to identify the current state of scientific production on open
government in the Scopus, Scielo, Redalyc and EBSCOHost databases in the last 5
years, through a bibliometric study in order to establish new lines of research.
Materials and Methods
This article was developed through a bibliometric, descriptive and introspective study
on open government, with the purpose of describing the current situation of research
topics for the social sciences. According to Romaní, Huamaní and González-Alcaide,
bibliometric analysis is a documentary method that aims to know the size, growth and
distribution of scientific documents, as well as to investigate the structure and
dynamics of those who produce (2011). Thus, the quantitative data referring to the
publications of articles according to a country, scientific data, year of publication of
96
the journals, the methodology of study and other data that allow collecting a
comparative descriptive analysis within the scientific production were reviewed.
The final sample consisted of 8551 articles published in the last 5 years in indexed
journals in the Scopus, Scielo, Redalyc and EBSCOHost databases, in English,
Portuguese and Spanish. The inclusion criteria for the theoretical review were research
and indexing results articles from Scopus, Scielo, Redalyc and EBSCOHost, theoretical
review articles and reflection articles. Exclusion criteria were editorial articles and
non-indexed articles.
The analytical follow-up for the data search was filtered according to the indexes
required. Likewise, the sample was tabulated and coded in an Excel sheet for data
organization; finally, the data were processed statistically with the Statistical Package
for Social Science (SPSS) program, which allowed us to obtain the results through
tables and figures.
Results
The descriptive analysis of the main bibliometric indexes applied to achieve the
objective is presented.
Table 1 Scientific database / languages of published articles
Base of
data
Language of published articles →
(f)
(%)
Spanis
h
(%)
Portugu
ese
(%)
Engli
sh
(%)
Redalyc
8238
96.3
%
5703
69%
1135
14%
1400
17%
Scielo
1.5%
76%
9%
EBSCOHo
st
1.6%
87%
9%
Scopus
0.5%
89%
5%
Total
8551
100%
5964
1161
1426
97
Source: Own elaboration
In references to the number of publications during 2016-2020, as shown in Figure 1,
in 2016, 1750 were obtained; in 2017, the number rose to 1843; in 2019 the productions
decreased reaching 1710; in 2019 it rose to 1908; and in 2020 it dropped very
noticeably to 1340.
Figure 1. Amount of scientific production (2016 - 2020). Own elaboration
Discussion
It has been identified that the most frequent publications are through the Redalyc
database and that the Spanish language is the best used for research. On the other
hand, within the years of publication, in 2019 there has been an enhancement of the
importance of research, however, due to the pandemic situation worldwide, scientific
productions have decreased in 2020.
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